{"id":363,"date":"2018-11-10T21:42:10","date_gmt":"2018-11-10T20:42:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/?page_id=363"},"modified":"2023-01-24T19:43:19","modified_gmt":"2023-01-24T18:43:19","slug":"transformator","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/transformator\/","title":{"rendered":"Transform\u00e1tor"},"content":{"rendered":"

V elektrotechnice je \u010dasto pot\u0159eba mnohem men\u0161\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed ne\u017e je 220 V. Zejm\u00e9na elektronick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed b\u00fdvaj\u00ed obvykle nap\u00e1jena nap\u011bt\u00edm do 20 nebo maxim\u00e1ln\u011b do 40 V.<\/p>\n

Ke zmen\u0161en\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 transform\u00e1tor<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Jak vypad\u00e1?<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si \u010dtvercov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro.-J\u00e1dro slo\u017een\u00e9 ze 4 stejn\u00fdch kv\u00e1dr\u016f.-Jsou spojeny do \u010dtverce. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kv\u00e1dr tak tvo\u0159\u00ed 1 stranu \u010dtverce. Na protihlehl\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch jsou navle\u010deny na ka\u017ed\u00e9 1 c\u00edvka.
\nTakto jsou na spole\u010dn\u00e9m j\u00e1d\u0159e navle\u010deny 2 c\u00edvky. C\u00edvka, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159ipojuje ke zdroji st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed (zpravidla el. z\u00e1suvka) se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 prim\u00e1rn\u00ed<\/strong> a c\u00edvka, ke kter\u00e9 se p\u0159ipojuje spot\u0159ebi\u010d se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed<\/strong>.\"\"Odkaz na zdroj obr\u00e1zku<\/a><\/p>\n

Cel\u00fd transform\u00e1tor funguje na principu elektromagnetu. Pokud byste p\u0159ipojili prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvku ke stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9mu nap\u011bt\u00ed 230 V st\u00e1l\u00e9 velikosti, z j\u00e1dra by se stal magnet na dobu, dokavad byste prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvku od stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho zdroje 230 V neodpojili. Ten by indukoval do sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvky na okam\u017eik nap\u011bt\u00ed. A\u017e byste prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvku od stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho zdroje 230 V zase odpojili, v sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvce by op\u011bt vzniklo nap\u011bt\u00ed stejn\u00e9 velikosti, ov\u0161em s opa\u010dnou polaritou.
\nJeliko\u017e nap\u011bt\u00ed v el. s\u00edti b\u011bhem zlomk\u016f vte\u0159in m\u011bn\u00ed svou velikost a polaritu, tak se b\u011bhem zlomk\u016f vte\u0159in indukuje nap\u011bt\u00ed v sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvce. Nejprve se m\u011bn\u00ed elekt\u0159ina na magnetick\u00e9 pole a potom zase zp\u011bt. J\u00e1drem proud neproch\u00e1z\u00ed. K tomu nesm\u00ed doj\u00edt!!! C\u00edvky mus\u00ed b\u00fdt nat\u0159eny materi\u00e1lem, kter\u00fd nevede el. proud.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Transform\u00e1tor je t\u0159eba nap\u00e1jet st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fdm<\/span> nap\u011bt\u00edm. Kdybyste p\u0159ipojili stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9, d\u011blo by se to, co je pops\u00e1no v\u00fd\u0161e.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nedoporu\u010duji vyr\u00e1b\u011bt transform\u00e1tor, pokud to neum\u00edte! Mohlo by doj\u00edt ke zkratu, po\u017e\u00e1ru, \u00farazu elektrick\u00fdm proudem nebo zni\u010den\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by bylo p\u0159es transform\u00e1tor nap\u00e1jen\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed bude na sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvce, z\u00e1vis\u00ed nejen na tom, jak\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed pust\u00edte na prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvku, ale tak\u00e9 na pom\u011bru z\u00e1vit\u016f sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed ku prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvce.<\/p>\n

po\u010det z\u00e1vit\u016f se zna\u010d\u00ed n\u011bkdy N a n\u011bkdy Z<\/p>\n

U transform\u00e1toru plat\u00ed tzv. transforma\u010dn\u00ed pom\u011br<\/strong> (zna\u010dka p<\/strong>): U2<\/sub>\/U1<\/sub> = N2<\/sub>\/N1<\/sub> = I1<\/sub>\/I2<\/sub><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Co m\u00e1 v doln\u00edm indexu 1 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvky, co tam m\u00e1 2, to se t\u00fdk\u00e1 sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvky.<\/p>\n

Pozor.: U proud\u016f jsou 1 a 2 obr\u00e1cen\u011b ne\u017e u nap\u011bt\u00ed a u z\u00e1vit\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

pokud p < 1, tak U2<\/sub>\u00a0< U1<\/sub>.
\npokud p > 1, tak U2<\/sub> > U1.<\/sub>
\npokud p = 1, tak U2<\/sub> = U1<\/sub> …N\u011bkoho m\u016f\u017ee napadnout, \u017ee takov\u00fdto transform\u00e1tor je k ni\u010demu…Ale nen\u00ed. N\u011bkdy se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako odd\u011blovac\u00ed. Na v\u00fdstupu je tak\u00e9 230 V, ale 230 V je pouze mezi 2ma elektrodama tohoto transform\u00e1toru. Mezi jednou z elektrod a zem\u00ed nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Tzn. Pokud se dotknete jen 1 <\/strong>elektrody a stoj\u00edte na zemi, nem\u016f\u017ee se v\u00e1m nic st\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Transforma\u010dn\u00ed pom\u011br plat\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b<\/span> jen za podm\u00ednky, \u017ee je k transform\u00e1toru (k sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvce) p\u0159ipojena z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e. Pokud nen\u00ed p\u0159ipojena z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e, tak je na sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvce o n\u011bco vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed ne\u017e pokud je p\u0159ipojena a pom\u011br z\u00e1vit\u016f se nerovn\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011b pom\u011bru nap\u011bt\u00ed a \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 se tomu transform\u00e1tor napr\u00e1zdno. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Zde je obr\u00e1zek jako sch\u00e9ma.: (P. S. Je tam krom\u011b voltmetru a amp\u00e9rmetru i wattmetr na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu.)\"\"Odkaz na zdroj obr\u00e1zku<\/a><\/p>\n

P\u0159.: Transform\u00e1tor je p\u0159ipojen ke st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9mu nap\u011bt\u00ed 220 V, prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvka m\u00e1 1100 z\u00e1vit\u016f, kolik z\u00e1vit\u016f mus\u00ed m\u00edt sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvka, aby bylo na sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvce nap\u011bt\u00ed 20 V p\u0159i z\u00e1t\u00ed\u017een\u00e9m transform\u00e1toru?
\nU1<\/sub> = 220 V
\nU2<\/sub> = 20 V
\nN1<\/sub> = 1100
\nN2<\/sub> = ?
\n20\/220 = N2<\/sub>\/1100
\n1100\/220 = 5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N2<\/sub> = 5*20\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N2<\/sub> = 100
\nSekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvka mus\u00ed m\u00edt 100 z\u00e1vit\u016f<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud je prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvka p\u0159ipojena ke st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9mu nap\u011bt\u00ed a vy m\u00edsto z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee zkratujete sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvku, tak se tomu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 transform\u00e1tor nakr\u00e1tko<\/strong>. Zkrat se p\u0159etransformuje na druhou stranu a, i kdy\u017e se to v\u011bt\u0161inou v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nest\u00e1v\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee spadnout jisti\u010d.
\nToti\u017e N2<\/sub>\/N1<\/sub> je u jednoho transform\u00e1toru po\u0159\u00e1d stejn\u00fd, dokavad nezas\u00e1hnete do jeho konstrukce. A N2<\/sub>\/N1<\/sub> = I1<\/sub>\/I2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

A pokud zkratujete sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvku, tak zv\u00fd\u0161\u00edte v\u00fdrazn\u011b proud, kter\u00fd te\u010de skrz n\u00ed, tzn. I2<\/sub>. A kdy\u017e je zv\u00fd\u0161en I2<\/sub>, tak, aby byl zachov\u00e1n p, mus\u00ed se zv\u00fd\u0161it i I1<\/sub>, co\u017e je proud prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvkou. T\u00edm se za\u010dne (obvykle z elektrick\u00e9 z\u00e1suvky) odeb\u00edrat vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed proud a elektrick\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 je v\u00edce zat\u00ed\u017eena.<\/p>\n

Zde je op\u011bt obr\u00e1zek jako sch\u00e9ma.:\"\"Odkaz na zdroj obr\u00e1zku<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V elektrotechnice je \u010dasto pot\u0159eba mnohem men\u0161\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed ne\u017e je 220 V. Zejm\u00e9na elektronick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed b\u00fdvaj\u00ed obvykle nap\u00e1jena nap\u011bt\u00edm do 20 nebo maxim\u00e1ln\u011b do 40 V. Ke zmen\u0161en\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 transform\u00e1tor. Jak vypad\u00e1? P\u0159edstavte si \u010dtvercov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro.-J\u00e1dro slo\u017een\u00e9 ze 4 stejn\u00fdch kv\u00e1dr\u016f.-Jsou spojeny do \u010dtverce. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kv\u00e1dr tak tvo\u0159\u00ed 1 stranu \u010dtverce. Na […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-363","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=363"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/363\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":786,"href":"https:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/363\/revisions\/786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.krusinsky.cz\/domains\/krusinsky.cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}